Forensic Science Chapter 2 Review Questions Answers

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  What is a druggist fold? What is forensic entomology? This is a test used to collect a DNA reference sample from a potential suspect. What is a buccal swab? What is algor mortis? What is sketching? The number of photos taken of any piece of evidence...

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• [DOWNLOAD] Forensic Science Chapter 2 Review Questions Answers | HOT!

  Back to the Top 2. A group, or family of elements, is a vertical column of the periodic table. Elements are placed into families due to their similar properties, characteristics, and reactivities. For example, all of the elements in group 1 except...

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• CH150: Chapter 2 – Atoms And Periodic Table

  They often form colored compounds that are highly stable and they can serve as good catalysts. A catalyst is an agent that helps to speed up a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process. Group 17 elements are also called halogens. This group contains very reactive nonmetals. The halogens are an interesting group. Halogens are members of Group 17, which is also referred to as 7A. It is the only group in the Periodic Table that contains all of the states of matter at room temperature.

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  Fluorine, F2 and chlorine, Cl2 are gases, while Bromine, Br2, is a liquid and iodine, I2, and astatine, At2, are both solids. Another interesting feature about Group 17 is that it houses four 4 of the seven 7 diatomic elements. Diatomic elements only exist in nature as a pair of atoms of the same element that are bonded together. Notice that the latter four are Group 17 elements. The word halogen comes from the Greek meaning salt forming. French chemists discovered that the majority of halogen ions will form salts when combined with metals. The noble gases are in group The two most significant properties of noble gases is that they are extremely unreactive, rarely forming compounds, and that they all exist as gases at room temperature. We will learn the reason for their unreactivity when we discuss how compounds form in chapters 3 and 4. The first person to isolate a noble gas was Henry Cavendish, who isolated argon in the late s. In the English language, inert means to be lifeless or motionless; in the chemical world, inert means does not react.

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• Criminalistics: An Introduction To Forensic Science, 12th Edition

  The elements in this group are also gases at room temperature. An atom is the smallest part of an element that maintains the identity of that element. Individual atoms are extremely small; even the largest atom has an approximate diameter of only 5. With that size, it takes over 18 million of these atoms, lined up side by side, to equal the width of your little finger about 1 cm. Most elements in their pure form exist as individual atoms. For example, a macroscopic chunk of iron metal is composed, microscopically, of individual iron atoms. Some elements, however, exist as groups of atoms called molecules. Several important elements exist as two-atom combinations and are called diatomic molecules.

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• Criminalistics: An Introduction To Forensic Science, 11th Edition

  In representing a diatomic molecule, we use the symbol of the element and include the subscript 2 to indicate that two atoms of that element are joined together. The elements that exist as diatomic molecules are hydrogen H2 , oxygen O2 , nitrogen N2 , fluorine F2 , chlorine Cl2 , bromine Br2 , and iodine I2. Atoms are made up of extremely small subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged particles with a relative mass of 1. The other part of the atomic nucleus is made up of neutrons, electrically neutral particles with a relative mass almost identical to a proton 1. Electrons are extremely small 9.

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• Download Forensic Science Fundamentals And Investigations Chapter 4 Review Answers:

  Table 2. Experiment have shown that protons and neutrons are concentrated in a central region of each atom called the nucleus plural, nuclei. Electrons are outside the nucleus and orbit about it because they are attracted to the positive charge in the nucleus. Figures 2. The protons and neutrons of an atom are found clustered at the center of the atom in a structure called the nucleus. Note that most of the area of an atom is taken up by the empty space of the electron cloud.

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• Forensic Science Chapter 2 Review

  Electrons are not in discrete orbits like planets around the sun. In both diagrams, the nucleus is in the center of the diagram. As a result, an atom consists largely of empty space. Atomic particles are so small that it is impractical to measure them in grams, instead we use a relative mass scale which makes the numbers much more manageable. Carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus, meaning that one amu is equal to the average of the masses of a proton and a neutron. The mass of an atom in AMUs is equal to the number of protons and neutrons making up the atom. For example the atomic mass of bromine is roughly 80 amu and its proton number is 35, meaning that bromine has 35 protons and 45 neutrons in its nucleus. These symbols correspond to important values that give you important information about each element Figure 2. The most important value corresponding to characteristics of an element is the proton number, which is also called atomic number represented by the mathematical term, Z.

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• Subject Matter

  As it turns out, the number of protons that an atom holds in its nucleus is the key determining feature for its chemical properties. In short, an element is defined by the number of protons found in its nucleus. If you refer back to the Periodic Table of Elements shown in figure 2. Thus, as you read across each row of the Periodic Table left to right , each element increases by one proton or one Atomic Number, Z. When atoms are in their elemental states, their overall charge is zero and the atoms are neutral. Since protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged, this means that when atoms are in their elemental form, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Therefore, if you know the atomic number of an atom, you also know how many electrons are present in that atom when it is in its elemental form.

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• Computer Forensics Objective Questions And Answers

  It is this movement of electrons that facilitates chemical bond formation. Thus, during bond formation the number of electrons around an atom may change, but the atomic number or number of protons remains constant and does not change. Fig 2. Each element on the periodic table is represented by the atomic symbol Cu for Copper, and Te for Tellurium. Sometimes the Atomic Number is written in the upper lefthand corner, and the Atomic Mass in the righthand corner, as shown in this figure. Sometimes, periodic tables will show the atomic number above the element symbol and the atomic mass below the element symbol, as shown in the periodic table in Figure 2. The electrons are ignored in the mass calculation because they are so small that they barely add any mass to the atom.

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  For example, nitrogen has an atomic mass of Thus, it contains 7 protons, and 7 neutrons Note that the number of neutrons in an atom does not have to equal the number of protons in the atom. For example, lead Pb , contains 82 protons and has an atomic mass of Thus it contains neutrons Thus, if you know the atomic mass and the atomic number of an element, you can calculate the number of neutrons present, or if you know the atomic mass and the number of neutrons, you can calculate the atomic number. So…how many neutrons are in atoms of a particular element? At first it was thought that the number of neutrons in a nucleus was also defining characteristic of an element. However, it was found that atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. An example of the three common isotopes of hydrogen are shown in Figure 2.

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• Chapter 10: Forensic Sciences

  Note that each of the hydrogen isotopes is known by a unique name, hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium. Not all elemental isotopes have such unique names. Many of the isotopes are distinguished from one another by including the atomic mass in the definition. Carbon is unstable and will decay over time making it a radioactive form of carbon. The half-life of carbon, or the time it takes for half of the isotope to breakdown is 5, years. Overall, there are 15 known isotopes of carbon! Isotope composition has proven to be a useful method for dating many rock layers and fossils.

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• Forensics Chapter 2: Crime-Scene Investigation Vocabulary Review & Puzzles

  Target: I can explain the protocol for investigating a crime scene activity: review crime scene basics ppt. Assessment: complete crime scene basics worksheet. Friday 14 : I can explain how evidence should be collected and handled at the crime scene. Richard Craft ; Who was the chief criminalist? Henry Lee; what is the evidence? How was it analyzed? Activity: 1. True or False? When testing for DNA, investigators must use all of the sample to make sure they get an accurate test. Where do we find DNA in a cell? Cell membrane B. Vacuole C. Nucleus 3. How long does the sample sit in the heat block? What instrument is used to spin the sample? Centrifuge B. Extraction Tube C. Washing machine 5. In which layer would we find DNA? Top layer B. Middle layer C. Bottom layer Tue 18 : I can describe how different types of evidence are analyzed, Do Now: 1. Who is the suspect? Richard Craft ; 2.

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  Who was the chief criminalist? Henry Lee; 3. What is the evidence? How was the evidence collected? Compete DNA evidence worksheet Worksheet asessment: 1. Where is DNA found in the cell? Activity: follow model to write a lab report. Assessment: written Lab report.

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• Forensic Science Chapter 2 Review Questions Answers

  Electrocution Depriving necessities of life In cases of laceration or stabbing, wounds are inflicted by a sharp weapon or pointed object. The pathologist will attempt to determine if the death was caused by damaging a vital organ or by blood loss. The distinction here is that a person may be cut or stabbed in a way that causes them to bleed to death, which will be indicated to the pathologist by only a small amount of blood remaining in the body. Alternately, a laceration or stab wound may penetrate the heart, lungs, or the brain in a way that causes the organ to stop functioning and causes death. In these cases, the pathologist will make a determination and render an opinion of fatal organ damage. In cases of stabbing, the pathologist can sometimes illustrate the entry point of the wound and trace the wound path to determine an angle of entry indicating how the stab wound was inflicted.

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• Saferstein, Criminalistics: An Introduction To Forensic Science, 12th Edition | Pearson

  The size, depth, and width of the wound may indicate the size and type of weapon used to create the injury. Similarly, examining the characteristics of the wound can provide information to allow the pathologist to offer an expert opinion on the direction of a laceration or cut wound by illustrating the start point and the termination point. This information can be helpful for investigators in reconstructing or confirming the actual actions and weapons used in a criminal event. In cases of shooting, the pathologist will make a determination of whether death was caused by the fatal destruction of a vital organ or by blood loss. Recovery of a bullet or fragments of a bullet from inside the body can be helpful in ballistic analysis. Examining the entry wound can sometimes indicate the distance from which the wound was inflicted. In cases of point blank or direct contact shootings, gunshot burned gun powder residue will be present at the entry point of the wound.

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  As with stab wounds, the pathway that the bullet travelled from the entry point into the body to where it came to rest can sometimes be identified by a pathologist to determine the angle of entry. For investigators, this information can be helpful in reconstructing the criminal event and determining the location of the shooter. In cases of self-inflicted gunshot wounds, a point blank entry point and a bullet path indicating a logical weapon position in the hand of the victim can provide some confirmation or contradiction of the self-inflicted wound theory. In cases of blunt force trauma, the pathologist will look for indications of organ destruction or massive internal bleeding causing death.

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• Saferstein, Criminalistics: An Introduction To Forensic Science | Pearson

  Blunt force trauma can be inflicted in many ways, such as massive sudden trauma from a fall from a great height, or a high-speed car crash that can immediately damage the brain, the heart, or the lungs to the point where they cease to function resulting in death. Other blunt force traumas, such as a strike to the head with a weapon, may not immediately cause death, but result in massive bleeding and internal accumulation of blood that can cause death. In cases of head injuries pathologists will sometimes be able to determine the contact point where the injuries were inflicted, and they will be able to point to the contre coupe injury effect, which happens when the head is struck on one side and the brain is so traumatically moved inside the skull that it also become damaged on the opposite side and bleeding occurs at the top of the brain. This bleeding inside the skull can sometimes cause death.

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• Chapter 3 Review Answers Science

  An examination by the pathologist for the contact points and internal bleeding can provide valuable clues to the manner in which the blunt force trauma was inflicted. In cases of asphyxiation, a pathologist will look for indicators of how the body was deprived of oxygen. Several common means include strangulation, suffocation, smoke inhalation, or drowning. For strangulation, the pathologist will look for bruising around the neck inflicted by choking hands or by a ligature.

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  A ligature is any item, such as a rope or a belt, which could be used to restrict breathing and stop oxygenated blood going to the brain, thus causing death. If a ligature has been used and removed, it will leave a distinct abrasion line. If a dead body is found with a ligature in place, investigators should take great care to not untie the ligature, but cut it off of the victim, as this allows the ligature size to be measured and compared to the size of the neck to determine the amount of breathing that was restricted.

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• Chapter 11 Study Guide Answers - Forensic Science Class

  Once the ligature is removed from a dead body, a distinct ligature mark or a groove in the flesh will sometimes be visible. To determine strangulation, the pathologist will examine the eyes of the victim for the presence of small ruptured blood vessel that appear as red spots on the white of the eyeball. These spots are known as petechial hemorrhage, and will often be visible in victims of strangulation Jaffe, Unlike strangulation, suffocation has fewer indicators of violent trauma.

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• Forensic Science Chapter 16 Review Answers

  Suffocation deaths are sometimes accidental and are harder for pathologist to conclusively determine. The presence of a suffocation device at the scene of the death is sometimes a first clue to this cause. Other contributing causes can be the limited ability of a victim to remove the device that accidentally obstructs their breathing, as may be found with a very young child, a handicapped person, or a frail elderly victim. This occurs when a person is attempting to enhance their sexual arousal or pleasure while masturbating and apply self-strangulation with a ligature device. Their goal in AEA is not suicide but rather to reach a state of extreme oxygen deprivation and euphoria at the time of orgasm.

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• SUMMARY | DNA Technology In Forensic Science | The National Academies Press

  This strategy can go wrong when the individual passes out and their ligature does not release causing continued strangulation and death. These cases can resemble suicide; however, they are really death by misadventure because the victim had no intent to kill themselves. AEA can sometimes be distinguished from suicide by the existence of apparent masturbation, pornography at the scene, and ligature devices that have releasable controls. In cases where asphyxiation is caused by smoke inhalation, a pathologist can find signs of soot blackening in the lungs and, if the air containing the smoke was sufficiently hot, the lungs will also show signs of burn trauma. Because arson is sometimes used as a means of disguising a homicide, finding a dead body in a burning building, and not finding signs of smoke in the lungs, is a red flag for possible death by homicide. In cases where asphyxiation is caused by drowning, a pathologist will find signs of water present in the lungs.

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• Science Chapter 18 Review Answers

  If the victim was drowned in fresh water, the diatom material, which is microscopic algae, will have migrated from the water in the lungs to the blood and tissue of the victim. These microscopic algae are species unique to a particular body of water. If it does not match, this suggests that the victim drowned elsewhere. In cases of toxic substances, a pathologist will test the stomach contents, the blood, eye fluid known as vitreous humor, and tissue samples from various organs in the body for poisons, drug overdose, the ingestion of toxic chemicals, or toxic gas inhalation. Any of these substances can cause death if ingested or inhaled in sufficient quantities.

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